Synonyms of destined include fated, predetermined, inevitable, preordained, bound, certain, meant, and appointed. These words describe something expected, planned, or believed to happen in the future. Some suggest fate or destiny, while others express certainty, purpose, or intention. The best alternative depends on the context and emotional tone.
Imagine a student who dreams of becoming a doctor. After years of hard work, her teacher says she seems destined for success. The word suggests a promising future.
The synonyms of destined help us express ideas about fate, ambition, purpose, and certainty. Each alternative adds a slightly different feeling to a sentence.
Writers often use destined in stories, motivational messages, predictions, and everyday conversations. It makes future events sound meaningful or certain.
Learning the synonyms of destined helps students, bloggers, content writers, and daily English users communicate clearly while choosing words that match their intended message.
What Does Destined Really Mean?
Destined describes someone or something that is expected, intended, or believed to experience a particular future.
It often suggests that an event will happen because of fate, circumstances, plans, or a strong sense of purpose.
Simple definition: Destined means certain, intended, or expected to happen in the future.
Consider these examples:
- She was destined to become a successful musician.
- The old building was destined for demolition.
- Their friendship seemed destined to last forever.
- The package is destined for London.
The meaning changes slightly across these sentences.
The first suggests a promising future. The second describes an expected outcome. The third carries an emotional sense of fate. The fourth identifies an intended destination.
Part of Speech
Destined is an adjective and the past participle of the verb destine.
It commonly appears after forms of the verb be.
Examples:
- He is destined for greatness.
- They were destined to meet.
- The shipment is destined for Canada.
Connotative Meaning of Destined
(Connotation refers to the feelings, attitudes, or associations a word suggests beyond its basic dictionary meaning.)
Positive tone: Destined can express hope, achievement, purpose, or a promising future.
Example: She seems destined for greatness.
Negative tone: It can suggest an unavoidable disappointment, failure, or unfortunate outcome.
Example: Their risky business plan was destined to fail.
Neutral tone: It can describe an intended purpose, destination, or expected result without expressing emotion.
Example: These supplies are destined for local hospitals.
Native speakers often use the word to make an outcome sound more meaningful or certain than an ordinary prediction.
Etymology of Destined
Destined comes from the verb destine, which entered English through Old French destiner.
Its deeper origin lies in Latin destinare, meaning to determine, establish, appoint, or make firm.
The word gradually developed its modern association with fate, purpose, and future outcomes.
Old English (450–1100)
The modern word destined did not exist in Old English.
Speakers expressed related ideas through native vocabulary associated with fate, events, and what was appointed to happen.
One important Old English word was wyrd, which referred to fate or the course of events.
Middle English (1100–1500)
French influence introduced vocabulary connected with destiny and determination.
Forms related to destine entered Middle English during this broader period of borrowing.
Modern English (1500–Present)
The verb destine became established in English, and destined developed its familiar participial and adjectival uses.
Today, it appears in literature, journalism, everyday speech, business communication, and discussions about the future.
Pronunciation of Destined (US & UK)
- US: /ˈdɛs.tɪnd/
- UK: /ˈdes.tɪnd/
Both pronunciations are very similar.
The stress falls on the first syllable.
Syllables
des-tined
Destined has two syllables.
Affixation Pattern of Destined
- Root/Base: destine
- Prefix: None
- Suffix: -ed
The suffix -ed forms the past participle of destine.
The final silent e is dropped before adding -ed.
Synonyms List
The following collection includes direct synonyms and context-specific alternatives.
1. Fated
Meaning: Something that happens because of fate, not personal choice.
Tone/Register: Literary, emotional, sometimes dramatic.
Example 1: Fate seemed to bring them together again.
Example 2: Fate led the explorers toward unexpected challenges.
2. Predetermined
Meaning: Something that someone decides before an event happens.
Tone/Register: Formal, academic, technical.
Example 1: The organizers followed a predetermined schedule.
Example 2: Each participant completed a predetermined task.
3. Preordained
Meaning: Something that fate or a higher power decides in advance.
Tone/Register: Formal, spiritual, literary.
Example 1: Their unexpected reunion felt preordained.
Example 2: He believed fate had preordained his journey.
4. Inevitable
Meaning: Something that will certainly happen and that nobody can stop.
Tone/Register: Neutral, formal, academic.
Example 1: Technology makes some changes inevitable.
Example 2: Poor maintenance made expensive repairs inevitable.
5. Bound To
Meaning: Very likely or certain to experience a particular result.
Tone/Register: Conversational, neutral.
Example 1: With enough practice, she is bound to improve.
Example 2: The announcement is bound to attract attention.
6. Certain To
Meaning: Something that will surely happen or produce a result.
Tone/Register: Neutral, everyday English.
Example 1: The proposal is certain to raise questions.
Example 2: His creative ideas are certain to impress the judges.
7. Meant To
Meaning: Something that has a special purpose or seems part of destiny.
Tone/Register: Conversational, emotional.
Example 1: Perhaps fate meant for them to become friends.
Example 2: The manager meant this message for the entire team.
8. Appointed
Meaning: Something that an authority officially selects for a specific time, place, or role.
Tone/Register: Formal, administrative.
Example 1: Everyone arrived at the appointed hour.
Example 2: She reached the appointed location early.
9. Decreed
Meaning: Something that an authority formally orders or decides.
Tone/Register: Formal, legal, literary.
Example 1: The court decreed the sale of the property.
Example 2: The king decreed a national celebration.
10. Ordained
Meaning: Something that God, fate, or a higher power decides.
Tone/Register: Religious, formal, literary.
Example 1: She believed God had ordained their meeting.
Example 2: The storyteller said fate had ordained the final outcome.
11. Foreordained
Meaning: Something that fate or a higher power decides long before it happens.
Tone/Register: Literary, theological.
Example 1: The legend presented the victory as foreordained.
Example 2: He wondered whether fate had foreordained his future.
12. Predestined
Meaning: Something that destiny or a higher power has already decided.
Tone/Register: Literary, philosophical, spiritual.
Example 1: She felt predestined to follow that path.
Example 2: Their friendship seemed predestined from the beginning.
13. Doomed
Meaning: Certain or very likely to face failure, destruction, or another bad result.
Tone/Register: Negative, dramatic.
Example 1: Without enough funding, the project seemed doomed.
Example 2: Their poor planning made the mission look doomed from the start.
14. Unavoidable
Meaning: Something that nobody can escape or prevent.
Tone/Register: Neutral, professional.
Example 1: Construction work caused some unavoidable delays.
Example 2: The growing problem made a difficult conversation unavoidable.
15. Inescapable
Meaning: Something that nobody can avoid, ignore, or escape.
Tone/Register: Formal, serious.
Example 1: The evidence led to an inescapable conclusion.
Example 2: Everyone felt that change was inescapable after the announcement.
16. Inexorable
Meaning: Something that continues moving forward and cannot stop.
Tone/Register: Formal, literary.
Example 1: The inexorable passage of time changed the town.
Example 2: The company struggled against an inexorable decline.
17. Unpreventable
Meaning: Something that nobody can stop from happening.
Tone/Register: Neutral, technical.
Example 1: The storm caused some unpreventable damage.
Example 2: Investigators considered the incident unpreventable.
18. Ineluctable
Meaning: Something that nobody can avoid or escape.
Tone/Register: Literary, highly formal.
Example 1: The novel explores the ineluctable nature of death.
Example 2: The main character finally accepted his ineluctable fate.
19. Assured
Meaning: Something that seems secure, certain, or guaranteed.
Tone/Register: Professional, positive.
Example 1: Her excellent performance made her place in the final seem assured.
Example 2: After the successful trial, further support seemed assured.
20. Guaranteed
Meaning: Something that a promise or strong assurance makes certain.
Tone/Register: Business, neutral.
Example 1: The organizers guarantee a seat for every registered participant.
Example 2: The contract guarantees payment to every worker.
21. Expected
Meaning: Something that people believe will happen.
Tone/Register: Neutral, professional.
Example 1: The expected announcement arrived on Monday.
Example 2: Experts expect sales to increase next month.
22. Anticipated
Meaning: Something that people predict or look forward to before it happens.
Tone/Register: Professional, academic.
Example 1: The anticipated update attracted a lot of attention.
Example 2: The team prepared for the anticipated changes.
23. Foreseen
Meaning: Something that someone predicts before it happens.
Tone/Register: Formal, analytical.
Example 1: The researchers had foreseen these difficulties.
Example 2: Nobody had foreseen such a quick recovery.
24. Foretold
Meaning: Something that someone predicts or announces before it happens.
Tone/Register: Literary, dramatic.
Example 1: The legend foretold the arrival of a brave leader.
Example 2: The mysterious visitor foretold a major change.
25. Prophesied
Meaning: Something that someone predicts through religious or spiritual belief.
Tone/Register: Religious, literary.
Example 1: The ancient text prophesied a time of peace.
Example 2: The oracle prophesied the hero’s return.
26. Intended
Meaning: Something that someone plans for a specific purpose or result.
Tone/Register: Neutral, professional.
Example 1: The course targets its intended audience of young professionals.
Example 2: The organization intends to use these funds for education.
27. Planned
Meaning: Something that someone arranges or decides in advance.
Tone/Register: Neutral, everyday English.
Example 1: The company will begin its planned renovation next week.
Example 2: Their planned trip includes three coastal towns.
28. Scheduled
Meaning: Something that someone arranges to happen at a specific time.
Tone/Register: Business, administrative.
Example 1: The scheduled presentation begins at noon.
Example 2: The company moved her scheduled interview to Friday.
29. Designated
Meaning: Something that an authority officially selects for a particular purpose.
Tone/Register: Formal, administrative.
Example 1: Please wait in the designated seating area.
Example 2: The manager sent the documents to the designated office.
30. Assigned
Meaning: Something that someone gives to a person as a task, role, or responsibility.
Tone/Register: Professional, educational.
Example 1: Every student worked on an assigned topic.
Example 2: The assigned team will review the application.
31. Earmarked
Meaning: Something that someone reserves for a specific future purpose.
Tone/Register: Business, administrative.
Example 1: The school earmarked the money for building improvements.
Example 2: The university earmarked several rooms for visiting researchers.
32. Allocated
Meaning: Something that someone officially sets aside for a particular use.
Tone/Register: Business, formal.
Example 1: The allocated budget covers essential repairs.
Example 2: Each department used its allocated resources carefully.
33. Directed
Meaning: Something that someone sends or guides toward a particular place or purpose.
Tone/Register: Neutral, professional.
Example 1: The company directed the shipment toward the regional warehouse.
Example 2: Please direct all questions to the coordinator.
34. Routed
Meaning: Something that follows a selected path to reach a destination.
Tone/Register: Technical, logistics.
Example 1: The delivery company routed the parcel through the central depot.
Example 2: The phone system routed incoming calls to the support team.
35. Bound For
Meaning: Traveling toward or planning to reach a particular destination.
Tone/Register: Neutral, travel, conversational.
Example 1: The train is bound for Manchester.
Example 2: Their luggage traveled on a flight bound for Dubai.
36. Headed For
Meaning: Moving toward a place or approaching a likely situation.
Tone/Register: Informal, conversational.
Example 1: We are headed for the mountains this weekend.
Example 2: Without major changes, the project is headed for trouble.
37. Set To
Meaning: Ready or strongly expected to do something or experience a change.
Tone/Register: Neutral, journalism, conversational.
Example 1: The singer is set to release a new album.
Example 2: The organization is set for major changes.
38. Slated
Meaning: Something that someone selects or schedules for a future event or action.
Tone/Register: Journalism, professional.
Example 1: The city plans to open the new library in spring, as slated.
Example 2: The council has slated the building for renovation.
39. Marked For
Meaning: Something that someone selects for a particular purpose or future action.
Tone/Register: Neutral, literary.
Example 1: The workers marked the damaged trees for removal.
Example 2: The coach marked the talented athlete for future development.
40. Chosen
Meaning: Someone or something that a person selects for a specific role or purpose.
Tone/Register: Neutral, positive.
Example 1: The chosen leader will manage the new project.
Example 2: The chosen candidate happily accepted the position.
Synonyms for Destined by Tone
Choosing a synonym involves more than finding a similar dictionary definition.
The emotional tone determines how readers interpret your message.
A positive expression can create hope. A negative alternative may suggest danger or disappointment.
Positive Synonyms
These words can express confidence, purpose, or a promising future:
- Assured
- Certain
- Chosen
- Meant
- Guaranteed
- Bound
Example: She is bound to achieve remarkable things.
Neutral Synonyms
These alternatives work well when describing plans, arrangements, predictions, or expected results:
- Expected
- Intended
- Planned
- Scheduled
- Designated
- Assigned
- Allocated
- Anticipated
- Predetermined
- Slated
Example: The new policy is scheduled to take effect next month.
Negative Synonyms
These words can describe an unfortunate future or an outcome that cannot easily be prevented:
- Doomed
- Inevitable
- Unavoidable
- Inescapable
- Inexorable
- Ineluctable
Example: The neglected structure was doomed to collapse.
These words are not inherently negative in every context. Their surrounding sentences often create that feeling.
Playful or Informal Alternatives
Everyday English often favors shorter expressions:
- Bound
- Meant
- Set
- Headed for
- Bound for
Example: With all that practice, you’re bound to become a great dancer!
Such expressions usually sound more natural in casual conversation than highly literary alternatives.
Destined vs Close Alternatives
Destined, fated, predetermined, and inevitable share a connection with future events. However, they express different ideas.
| Word | Main meaning | Tone | Best context |
|---|---|---|---|
| Destined | Expected or intended to happen | Emotional or neutral | Purpose, fate, future |
| Fated | Determined by fate | Literary | Romance, storytelling |
| Predetermined | Decided beforehand | Formal | Rules, systems, plans |
| Inevitable | Impossible to prevent | Serious or neutral | Consequences, outcomes |
Destined vs Fated
Destined often suggests a meaningful future. Fated places greater emphasis on fate itself.
Compare:
- She was destined to become a leader.
- They were fated to meet again.
The first highlights a future role. The second creates a stronger sense of destiny.
Destined vs Predetermined
Predetermined usually refers to something decided before an event.
Destined may describe fate, purpose, or an expected outcome without identifying who made the decision.
Example:
The participants followed a predetermined order.
This sounds more precise than saying their order was destined.
Destined vs Inevitable
Inevitable focuses on an outcome that cannot be avoided.
Destined may carry additional feelings of purpose or fate.
Example:
Without regular maintenance, equipment failure became inevitable.
Here, inevitable sounds more natural because the sentence describes a predictable consequence.
How Destined Changes by Context
The meaning of destined depends heavily on the situation.
A romantic sentence may suggest fate, while a shipping document may simply identify where something is going.
Daily Conversation
In everyday speech, destined often describes future possibilities, ambitions, and relationships.
Example: I think you’re destined to do something amazing.
Natural alternatives include bound, meant, and set.
These expressions make conversations feel friendly and personal.
Writing or Blogging
Bloggers frequently discuss growth, achievement, challenges, and future possibilities.
Destined can make these ideas more engaging.
Example: A brand that ignores customer feedback may be destined to struggle.
For a more analytical tone, writers can use likely, expected, or inevitable, depending on the evidence.
Professional or Academic Writing
Professional communication usually favors precision over dramatic language.
Words such as predetermined, designated, allocated, intended, and scheduled describe specific arrangements.
Example: The allocated resources will support the research program.
Using destined in this situation could make the sentence less precise.
Creative or Informal Writing
Creative writers use destined to build suspense, emotion, and anticipation.
Example: Neither traveler knew they were destined to cross paths again.
Alternatives such as fated, predestined, and foreordained can create a stronger literary atmosphere.
These words are especially effective in fantasy, romance, historical fiction, and dramatic storytelling.
Common Mistakes Learners Make
Understanding the meaning of destined is important. Learning its natural sentence patterns is equally useful.
Mistake 1: Confusing Destined and Destination
Destined describes an intended or expected future.
Destination is a noun referring to the place someone or something is going.
Incorrect: Our destined is Paris.
Correct: Our destination is Paris.
Correct: Our flight is destined for Paris.
Mistake 2: Using the Wrong Preposition
Destined commonly appears with to and for, but these patterns serve different grammatical purposes.
Use destined to + base verb.
Example: She is destined to succeed.
Use destined for + noun or noun phrase.
Example: He seems destined for success.
Incorrect: She is destined for become famous.
Correct: She is destined to become famous.
Mistake 3: Treating Destined and Doomed as Identical
Doomed usually describes a negative outcome.
Destined can describe positive, negative, or neutral situations.
Compare:
- She was destined for greatness.
- The poorly managed project was doomed to fail.
Replacing destined with doomed in the first sentence would completely change its meaning.
Mistake 4: Using Destined for Every Prediction
Not every future event involves destiny.
Consider:
The weather is destined to improve tomorrow.
This sounds unnecessarily dramatic in an ordinary forecast.
A more natural sentence is:
The weather is expected to improve tomorrow.
Mistake 5: Confusing Fated with Fateful
Fated describes something believed to be determined by fate.
Fateful describes an event or decision with important consequences.
Example: Their meeting seemed fated.
Example: That fateful decision changed her career.
The two words are related, but they are not interchangeable.
Native Usage and Register Notes
Native speakers frequently use destined for greatness, destined to fail, destined to become, and destined for a particular place.
In academic writing, predetermined or expected may provide greater precision.
In literary writing, fated and predestined can create stronger emotional effects.
For related vocabulary practice, readers can also explore synonyms of inevitable.
Real-Life Examples Using Destined
These short situations demonstrate how destined works across different communication settings.
Workplace Scenario
A junior employee consistently delivers excellent results.
Her manager says:
“With your dedication, you’re destined for a leadership position.”
Here, destined expresses confidence in someone’s professional future.
Social Situation
Two childhood friends unexpectedly meet after many years.
One laughs and says:
“Maybe we were destined to find each other again.”
The expression creates a warm, emotional feeling.
Media and Pop Culture
A movie introduces a young character with extraordinary abilities.
The narrator explains:
“She was destined to protect her kingdom.”
Destined helps establish the character’s future importance.
Writing and Storytelling
An author describes an ambitious plan with several hidden problems.
The story begins:
“Despite their confidence, the expedition was destined to fail.”
This creates anticipation and encourages readers to discover what happens next.
Interactive Practice Quiz: Test Your Understanding
Choose the most natural answer for each situation. Focus on meaning, emotional tone, and context.
Part One: Meaning and Word Choice
1. Two characters believe fate brought them together. Which word fits best?
A) Allocated
B) Fated
C) Scheduled
D) Routed
2. A company decides the order of interviews in advance. The order is:
A) Predetermined
B) Doomed
C) Foretold
D) Inescapable
3. A poorly planned project is certain to fail. Which word expresses this negative outcome?
A) Chosen
B) Intended
C) Doomed
D) Assured
4. A student has practiced every day and will probably improve. Which expression sounds natural?
A) Routed to
B) Decreed to
C) Allocated to
D) Bound to
5. A package is traveling to Canada. It is:
A) Destined for Canada
B) Doomed for Canada
C) Foreordained Canada
D) Inescapable to Canada
6. Which word means impossible to prevent?
A) Assigned
B) Designated
C) Inevitable
D) Chosen
7. A person believes a higher power decided their future. Which word best expresses this belief?
A) Scheduled
B) Preordained
C) Routed
D) Allocated
Part Two: Tone and Real-Life Usage
8. Which sentence is grammatically correct?
A) She is destined for become successful.
B) She is destined becoming successful.
C) She is destined to becoming successful.
D) She is destined to become successful.
9. A manager reserves funds for staff training. The funds are:
A) Earmarked
B) Fated
C) Doomed
D) Prophesied
10. Which expression sounds most natural in a casual conversation?
A) You are foreordained to improve.
B) Your improvement has been decreed.
C) You’re bound to improve.
D) Your improvement is ineluctable.
11. A newspaper reports that a new museum will open next spring. Which word fits best?
A) Fated
B) Slated
C) Doomed
D) Ordained
12. A writer wants to describe an unavoidable decline in a serious literary style. Which word is suitable?
A) Assigned
B) Routed
C) Chosen
D) Inexorable
13. Which sentence uses destined to describe an intended destination?
A) These medical supplies are destined for rural clinics.
B) She was destined to become famous.
C) Their friendship seemed destined to last.
D) The business was destined to fail.
14. Which word best describes an event predicted in an ancient prophecy?
A) Allocated
B) Scheduled
C) Prophesied
D) Designated
15. A researcher wants to describe a result considered likely based on available evidence. Which word is most appropriate?
A) Fated
B) Expected
C) Ordained
D) Foreordained
Answer Key: 1-B | 2-A | 3-C | 4-D | 5-A | 6-C | 7-B | 8-D | 9-A | 10-C | 11-B | 12-D | 13-A | 14-C | 15-B
Reflection and Application Task
Write one original sentence using destined or one of its synonyms.
Then replace your chosen word with a close alternative.
Ask yourself: Does the new word change the emotional tone, level of certainty, or intended meaning?
This simple exercise can strengthen vocabulary retention and improve everyday word choice.
Conclusion
Learning the synonyms of destined helps you describe future events with greater clarity. Each alternative offers a different way to express fate, purpose, or certainty.
Whether you are writing an essay, creating blog content, or telling a story, choosing the right word makes your message more natural, meaningful, and engaging.
Strong vocabulary also improves speaking and communication. Understanding emotional tone helps you express confidence, concern, hope, and expectation more accurately.
Practice the synonyms of destined in emails, essays, and daily conversations. Try a new expression each day and notice how small vocabulary changes improve your English.
Frequently Asked Questions About Destined
1. What is a simple synonym for destined that children can understand?
Meant is one of the simplest alternatives for destined when describing purpose or fate. For example, “She was meant to be a teacher” expresses a similar idea to “She was destined to become a teacher.”
For strong expectations, bound to is another useful expression. Children may find these phrases easier to understand than formal words such as predestined.
2. Can destined describe a relationship or romantic connection?
Yes. Destined frequently appears in romantic conversations, poetry, novels, and films.
The expression “destined to be together” suggests that two people were meant to form a relationship, almost as though fate arranged their meeting.
However, this is usually an emotional or poetic statement rather than a factual claim about whether a relationship will succeed.
3. What does destined for greatness mean in English?
Destined for greatness describes someone who appears likely to achieve exceptional success or make an important contribution.
People often use this expression when discussing talented students, athletes, artists, or emerging leaders.
For example, “Her dedication and creativity suggest she is destined for greatness.” The phrase communicates admiration and confidence, although it does not guarantee future achievement.
4. Is destined stronger than likely when predicting the future?
Generally, yes. Destined often communicates a stronger sense of certainty or purpose than likely.
Likely suggests that something has a reasonable probability of happening. Destined can make the outcome sound almost certain or connected to fate.
For factual predictions, likely is often more cautious and appropriate. Destined works particularly well in emotional or expressive writing.
5. Can destined be used in a negative sentence without sounding dramatic?
Yes. Destined can describe negative outcomes naturally, especially when the surrounding context explains why an event is expected.
For example, “Without additional funding, the project was destined to fail” is clear and understandable.
However, professional reports may benefit from less dramatic wording, such as “The project was likely to fail without additional funding.”
6. What does destined to be mean in motivational quotes?
Destined to be usually expresses the belief that someone has a meaningful future, identity, or purpose.
For example, “You are destined to be more than your circumstances” encourages confidence and personal growth.
Motivational writers use this expression because it creates hope. It suggests possibility and purpose without necessarily describing a future that has already been decided.
7. Can destined refer to objects rather than people?
Yes. Destined can describe objects, materials, documents, and shipments when they have an intended destination or purpose.
For example, “The donated books are destined for community libraries” means the books are intended to go there.
This usage is common in transportation, logistics, news reporting, and administrative communication. It does not imply fate or supernatural influence.
8. What is the difference between destined to happen and supposed to happen?
Destined to happen suggests that an event is expected or believed to be determined by fate.
Supposed to happen usually refers to something planned, expected, or required under normal circumstances.
For example, “The meeting was supposed to happen yesterday” describes an arrangement. “Their reunion was destined to happen” suggests a deeper sense of fate or inevitability.
Suggested External Reference
For additional linguistic accuracy, readers can consult the Cambridge Dictionary definition of destined.
It provides established dictionary guidance on the word’s meaning, pronunciation, and grammatical usage.

Mehtab Yasir is a passionate writer and English language enthusiast dedicated to making vocabulary learning simple, practical, and enjoyable. As an author at SynonymDesk.com, she creates helpful content covering synonyms, antonyms, word meanings, vocabulary, phrases, and everyday English usage. Her goal is to provide clear and easy-to-understand information that helps students, writers, professionals, and English learners choose the right words and communicate with greater confidence. Mehtab believes that a strong vocabulary can improve both writing and communication skills. She enjoys researching new words, exploring their meanings and uses, and turning complex language concepts into useful, reader-friendly content. Through her work, she strives to make SynonymDesk.com a reliable resource for anyone looking to improve their English vocabulary and language skills.
